If I had influence over the minds of the people of Canada, any power over their intellect, I would leave them this legacy: ‘Whatever you do, adhere to the Union. We are a great country, and shall become one of the greatest in the universe if we preserve it; we shall sink into insignificance and adversity if we suffer it to be broken.’
(Sir John A. Macdonald)
Too late, I'm afraid.
While the Americans celebrate two hundred and fifty years of being a successful social experiment, Canadians shuffled off yet another Canada Day, a now meaningless, forced event stripped of its meaning and history.
Below is an account of the Fathers of Confederation (characterised by certain wags as inferior in many respects) and what they thought of their southern neighbours:
In a landmark 1864 speech, Sir John A. Macdonald, the future first prime minister of Canada, admonished listeners who might be inclined to see the neighbouring United States as a “failure.”
“On the contrary, I consider it a marvellous exhibition of human wisdom,” said Macdonald. “It was as perfect as human wisdom could make it.”
(Sidebar: why would he say that? Because the idea of a unified Canada was being bandied about and would soon happen.)
Macdonald would of course come to be the central figure in the creation of Canada, a country whose entire purpose was to prevent the top half of North America from becoming the United States.
Despite this, there’s little if any America hate to be found in the various speeches, letters and debates that led to Canada’s founding. On the contrary, Canada’s creators admired and respected their southern neighbour, and sought their own country in part because they thought they could build a better version.
During an 1865 Confederation debate, Quebec politician Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière referred to Americans as a “great people” whose example “dazzled” the average Canadian.
That same debate would have another representative reference George Washington as the founder of a “great country.” Yet another would praise the U.S. Constitution as a document “laid down by some of the wisest and ablest statesmen.”
The Legislature of Nova Scotia began its own Confederation debates with a tribute to the United States.
U.S. President Abraham Lincoln had just been assassinated, and after passing a resolution expressing their “most profound regret” at the “atrocious crime,” they suspended legislative proceedings for the week out of respect.
In his own landmark 1865 speech making the case for an independent Canada, Father of Confederation George Brown read out a series of U.S. economic statistics in order to argue if Canada did everything right, they might be able to match the “wondrous material progress” of their American neighbours.
George-Étienne Cartier, Quebec’s main representative on Confederation, had even lived in the United States for a time as a political exile. As a younger man, he had needed to hide out in Vermont after participating in the 1837 Lower Canadian rebellion against British rule.
When British Columbians met in 1870 to debate their entry into Canada, they acknowledged that their prosperity up until that point had been owed to a “powerful and active” United States.
“The United States hem us in on every side; it is the Nation by which we exist; it is the Nation which has made this Colony what it is,” said B.C. representative Dr. John Sebastian Helmcken.
This was an era in which Canadians had no shortage of legitimate grievances against their U.S. neighbour.
The U.S. and Canada had enjoyed a kind of early free trade agreement starting in 1854, only for Canadian industry to be sidelined by the U.S. Congress suddenly cancelling the agreement in 1866.
What’s more, in this era British North America was regularly plagued by miniature invasions of their territory staged from U.S. soil. Those would be the Fenian Raids, a series of armed invasions of Canadian territory by U.S.-based Irish nationalists.
And yet, the era’s discourse is mostly free of bitterness and resentment towards the U.S.
The signature pitch for Confederation was that it was the only alternative to eventual annexation by the U.S. As Cartier would argue, “we must either have a British North America Federation or else be absorbed into the American Federation.”
But this wasn’t framed as some imperative to escape American tyranny. Rather, British North Americans simply wanted to keep their system instead of being forced into an American one.
If there was still bonhomie with the United States, it’s because the average British North American often had more contact with the United States than they did with neighbouring British colonies.
Then, as now, the United States was a major buyer of Canadian exports. In many cases, the colonies of British North America did more trade with Americans than they did to each other.
(Sidebar: what's changed?)
“All the commercial transactions of the district of Montreal are with the United States,” one Quebec delegate said during an 1865 debate over Confederation.
Newfoundlander Ambrose Shea told delegates at the 1864 Charlottetown Conference that “a very small portion of our imports come from Canada while a very considerable portion come from the United States.”
Shea added, “our people have no facilities for trade with Canada, they had to go to the United States.”
Newfoundland would ultimately reject offers to join the new country, and keep its quasi-independent status until 1949.
Adding to Canada’s enmeshment with the United States was there were large sections of British North America that couldn’t be accessed without first passing through U.S. territory.
“Canada it must be considered was for several months of the year entirely dependent on a foreign country for access to the ocean — for access to her own mother country,” said Father of Confederation Sir Alexander Galt in an 1864 speech. “To approach the seas in winter we must pass through the United States.”
This was a state of affairs that would last long after Confederation. After British Columbia joined Canada in 1871, it had to send its first MPs to Ottawa via California, where they boarded the Transcontinental Railroad.
But if Canadians of the 1860s admired and even appreciated the presence of a hegemonic United States, any desire to follow the American example was checked pretty strongly by the fact that the U.S. experiment had just finished spiralling into all-out civil war.
The Charlottetown Conference, the first major milestone towards Canadian Confederation, occurred over the exact same weekend that General William T. Sherman burned down Atlanta, Georgia, as part of his “March to the Sea” to subdue the Confederate states.
And this, too, would end up being one of the most compelling pitches for Confederation.
The U.S. system might have brought its people greatness and prosperity, but at the apparent cost of ruinous internecine violence less than 80 years into its existence.
This was the point that Macdonald was trying to make when he praised the U.S. as a “marvellous exhibition of human wisdom.”
“The American States greatly prospered until very recently; but being the work of men it had its defects,” said Macdonald.
“It is for us to take advantage by experience, and try to see if we cannot arrive by careful study at such a plan as we will avoid the mistakes of our neighbours.”
For a while, we were doing alright.
If I had influence over the minds of the people of Canada, any power over their intellect, I would leave them this legacy: ‘Whatever you do, adhere to the Union. We are a great country, and shall become one of the greatest in the universe if we preserve it; we shall sink into insignificance and adversity if we suffer it to be broken.’
Too late.
Decades of wearing Canada down into irrelevance has made us, like Hobbes, "nasty, brutish and short", willing to tolerate any political incompetence and corruption and accept the wearing down of the national character and fabric in favour of spite, hatred and envy.
Why would we celebrate that?
Not even natural and catastrophic hints can be taken that we are not as we should be.
We have disappointed ourselves and our founders.
We can only look at the festivities down south and think that their joy should be ours if only we strove to make and keep a country worthy of it.
